IVF with ICSI (Intracytoplasmic sperm injection) is the primary IVF treatment for azoospermia using sperm retrieved directly from the testes or epididymis.

Obstructive cases (OA) often use PESA/MESA while non obstructive cases (NOA) use Micro-TESE to find sperm with success rates often over 50% for NOA using advanced micro-surgical techniques.

In IVF/ICSI, retrieved sperm is used for ICSI where a single sperm is injected directly into a mature egg.

In cases of non-obstructive azoospermia, sperm retrieval is performed through Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE) or Micro-TESE (using a microscope for better identification of sperm). These techniques are used to find sperm for IVF/ICSI, as sperm production in such cases is impaired.